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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia ： ウィキペディア英語版 Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia With the Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia in 1710 the Swedish dominions Estonia and Livonia were integrated into the Russian Empire〔Luts (2006), p. 159〕 following their conquest during the Great Northern War.〔Frost (2000), p. 294〕 The Livonian nobility and the city of Riga capitulated on 4 July (O.S.)〔Luts (2006), p. 160〕 / 15 July 1710 (N.S.),〔Bushkovitch (2001), p. 294〕 Pernau (Pärnu) in August,〔 and the Estonian nobility and the city of Reval (Tallinn) on 29 September (O.S.)〔Luts (2006), p. 161〕 / 10 October (N.S.).〔 Russia left the local institutions in place and confirmed the traditional privileges of the German nobles and burghers, especially with respect to the Protestant faith.〔Hatlie (2005), pp. 115–116〕 The land reform of the so-called reduction which had been introduced by the Swedish king Charles XI, and transformed many serfs to subjects of the Crown, was reversed. The Swedish Empire formally accepted the capitulations in the Treaty of Nystad in 1721.〔Loit (2004), p. 72〕 The transfer of the Baltic provinces marked the end of Sweden's and the beginning of Russia's time as a great power.〔Loit (2004), p. 69〕 The Baltic provinces retained their special status until the late 19th century.〔Hatlie (2005), p. 116〕 ==Background== In the pretext of the Great Northern War, August the Strong of Saxe-Poland-Lithuania and Peter the Great of Russia had agreed to conquer and partition Sweden's Baltic dominions in the Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye in 1699.〔Frost (2000), p. 228〕 During the war, Charles XII of Sweden was able to defeat the Russian army at Narva in 1700, and then pursued August the Strong to Saxony.〔Loit (2004), p. 70〕 Once the main Swedish army was gone, Russian forces were able to regroup and conquered most of the plague-stricken Baltic provinces until 1710, when the last Swedish strongholds Riga, Reval and Pernau capitulated.〔 At this time, the main Swedish army was captured at the Surrender at Perevolochna following the Battle of Poltava. Peter the Great had in person launched the first shells in the siege of Riga, in November 1709.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.